Veille - 2015

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septembre

Dans ce contexte, nous assistons à la montée d’un discours assimilant les migrants à une «vague», un «tsunami» ou un «essaim» (selon les termes récents du premier ministre britannique, David Cameron) prêt à «déferler» sur l’Europe. L’usage d’un tel vocabulaire, dicté par une logique de gains électoraux à court terme ou de sensationnalisme médiatique, contribue à déshumaniser les personnes dont il est question. Une fois qu’on les a ainsi réduites à des abstractions menaçantes, il devient alors beaucoup plus aisé d’exiger le renforcement d’une politique répressive qui nie leur besoin de protection. Une telle politique, menée depuis plus de deux décennies par les Etats européens sous les termes de «sécurisation des frontières» ou de «lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière», s’est avérée coûteuse, inefficace, et humainement inacceptable.

août

Fascinante description du paysage politique américain et des différences fondamentales entre les deux principaux partis.

Over the past several decades, the parties have polarized, i.e., sorted themselves ideologically (that's what the GOP's "Southern strategy" was about). Racist conservative Democrats became Republicans and social liberals became Democrats. The process has now all but completed: The rightmost national Democrat is now to the left of the leftmost national Republican.

Crucially, however, the process of polarization has been asymmetrical. While almost all liberals have become Democrats and almost all conservatives have become Republicans, far more Republicans self-identify as conservative than Democrats do as liberal, and consequently the GOP has moved much further right than the Democratic Party has left.

En réponse, un article intéressant du prix Nobel d'économie Paul Krugman sur le mythe de la symétrie entre les deux principaux partis américains :

The behaviour of the British and wider European elite towards migrants is not simple inhumanity. It is strategic inhumanity. It is weaponised inhumanity designed to convince populations fracturing under hammer-blows of austerity and economic chaos that the enemy is out there, that there is an “us” that must be protected from “them”.

It’s hard to overstate the devastation to some people’s lives from having their names published as part of this hack: not only to their relationships with their spouses and children but to their careers, reputations, and – depending on where they live – possibly their liberty or even life. What appears on the internet is permanent and inescapable. All of the people whose names appear in this data base will now be permanently branded with a digital “A.” Whether they actually did what they are accused of will be irrelevant: digital lynch mobs offer no due process or appeals. And it seems certain that many of the people whose lives are harmed, or ruined, by this hack will have been guilty of nothing.

Extrait de Conjectures and Refutations, dans lequel Karl Popper s'interroge sur la meilleure façon de distinguer, de façon rigoureuse, science et pseudo-science.

I found that those of my friends who were admirers of Marx, Freud, and Adler, were impressed by a number of points common to these theories, and especially by their apparent explanatory power. These theories appeared to be able to explain practically everything that happened within the fields to which they referred. The study of any of them seemed to have the effect of an intellectual conversion or revelation, opening your eyes to a new truth hidden from those not yet initiated. Once your eyes were thus opened you saw confirming instances everywhere: the world was full of verifications of the theory. Whatever happened always confirmed it. Thus its truth appeared manifest; and unbelievers were clearly people who did not want to see the manifest truth; who refused to see it, either because it was against their class interest, or because of their repressions which were still “un-analysed” and crying aloud for treatment.

juillet

Il serait donc temps que les médias et les journalistes soient formés à une vue qualitative des réseaux sociaux. Défi difficile, quand on sait que le simple fait de les faire utiliser les réseaux sociaux constituent parfois un challenge de taille. Ils se contentent donc d’une vue quantitative, mais celle-ci est également inexpérimentée. Lorsque BFM TV sort l’information à 15 h, il y a 215 tweets uniques, 882 avec retweets. Quand tous les médias au soir en parlent, cela fait 3211 tweets dont 912 uniques faits, par 2500 personnes. Comment arrive-t-on alors à une dépêche AFP reprise par les autres médias qui parlent de l’événement comme de quelque chose qui brûle sur les réseaux sociaux ? 2500 personnes. Si chacun de mes followers avait tweeté, j’aurais donc rassemblé la France entière ? On s’imagine alors que Twitter représente la France, et ce alors qu’il ne s’agit que de militants d’extrême droite. Ceux-ci ont alors réussi parfaitement leur coup !

Mob justice, meanwhile, is derived from the collective feelings of whoever happens to be participating. The mob's case law is limited to whatever its participants happen to remember and care about in that moment. Its rules of evidence privilege anything that shares easily on social media and that confirms the preexisting belief system of the mob participants. That is a way of administering justice that is just as likely to target innocent people as guilty ones — especially because there's no definition of what "guilty" and "innocent" mean in the first place.

C’est un élément auquel les geeks occidentaux, bien au chaud dans des pays où l’usage de la cryptographie est libre, ne pensent pas toujours. Dans des contextes moins favorables, il est pourtant crucial de l’avoir en tête. Réfléchir en termes de modèle de menace, ce n’est pas raisonner avec des catégories abstraites — « HTTPS is broken » –, c’est chercher la moins pire des solutions à un problème concret. Dans certains cas, se noyer dans la masse des utilisateurs de Gmail peut être bien plus protecteur que d’héberger chez soi son serveur de messagerie et de chiffrer son courrier avec PGP.

Avant j'avais deux problèmes : c'était, faire comprendre aux gens ce que c’était que la société de surveillance, sans être traité de parano ; et ce n'était pas facile.

Avec les révélations Snowden, mon problème a un petit peu changé : c'est arriver à faire comprendre ce que c'est que la société de surveillance à des paranos. C'est-à-dire que le problème auquel je suis confronté c'est qu'avant, les gens comme moi, qui s’intéressaient à ces histoires-là, était facilement brocardées comme paranos. Le problème, aujourd'hui, c'est que tout le monde est devenu parano. C'est ce que je vais essayer de vous montrer et ce pourquoi ça me semble dangereux, ou problématique en tout cas, de passer de la société de la surveillance à la société de paranoïa.

But the harmfulness of conspiracy theory arguably goes much deeper than this. It’s not just that conspiracy belief sometimes causes people to do terrible things. It’s that attachment to the conspiracy worldview violates important norms of trust and forbearance that are central to how we relate to each other and the wider world.

En devenant l’artiste de notre propre vie, on l’assimile à une œuvre et “on veut que cette dernière trouve son public, et la valeur quantitative de l’audimat finit par primer sur toutes les autres”. Autrement dit, peu importe ce qu’on fait du moment qu’on le fait avec style et qu’on récolte du “j’aime” à gogo. Et, sans surprise, le consensualisme remporte la mise: “Il y a une sorte d’effet d’appauvrissement puisqu’on choisit des images consensuelles du bonheur et du plaisir.” Exit donc certaines émotions peu glorieuses à l’image de la tristesse ou du coup de blues, place aux masques de joie et aux expressions convenues du nirvana.

It's become known as the Aarhus Model, a programme designed in Denmark's second city to dissuade young people from going to fight for al-Qaeda or Islamic State. Thirty travelled to Syria in 2013 but only two so far this year - and only one in 2014. Ahmed is one young man who was convinced, a few years ago, to draw back from the first step on a path that could have ended in jihad.

“One thing that occurs to me is the behavior of the tobacco companies denying the connection between smoking and lung cancer for the sake of profits, but this is an order of magnitude greater moral offence, in my opinion, because what is at stake is the fate of the planet, humanity, and the future of civilisation, not to be melodramatic.”

First, emotions organize — rather than disrupt — rational thinking. Traditionally, in the history of Western thought, the prevailing view has been that emotions are enemies of rationality and disruptive of cooperative social relations.

But the truth is that emotions guide our perceptions of the world, our memories of the past and even our moral judgments of right and wrong, most typically in ways that enable effective responses to the current situation. For example, studies find that when we are angry we are acutely attuned to what is unfair, which helps animate actions that remedy injustice.

The reason you should boycott bottled water is because it enables a bullshit, backwards vision for society.

Boycotting bottled water means you support the idea that public access to clean, safe water is not only a basic human right, but that it’s a goddamn technological triumph worth protecting. It means you believe that ensuring public access to this resource is the only way to guarantee it will be around in a few more years.

Clean, safe drinking water that flows freely out of our faucets is a feat of engineering that humans have been been perfecting for two millennia. It is a cornerstone of civilization. It is what our cities are built upon. And over the years the scientists and hydrologists and technicians who help get water to our houses have also become our environmental stewards, our infrastructural watchdogs, our urban visionaries. Drinking the water these people supply to our homes is the best possible way to protect future access to water worldwide.

[...]

Giving up bottled water also means thinking long-term about preserving water security. You may have reservoirs near you brimming over with fresh rainfall right now, but the truth is that the amount of potable water on this planet is growing more scarce every year. The bottled water industry is one of the fastest-growing on the planet. Last year it made $100 billion, an amount that is expected to double within five years. Now consider the fact that it actually takes the equivalent of three bottles of water to make a single water bottle. Every swig from a plastic blob in the name of convenience moves us closer to a world without any clean water at all.

Because like I said before, it’s not about this drought—it’s about every future drought.

Au final, que retenir de cet éditorial ? L'image d'une Europe condamnée aux « ajustements », refusant toute solidarité interne et en même temps toute différence, montant les peuples les uns contre les autres, établissant une démocratie sur la base de critères économiques. L'Europe dont rêve Arnaud Leparmentier n'est en fait qu'un immense gâchis.

In a world where profit is consistently put before both people and the planet, climate economics has everything to do with ethics and morality. Because if we agree that endangering life on earth is a moral crisis, then it is incumbent on us to act like it.

Though Dune won the Nebula and Hugo awards, the two most prestigious science fiction prizes, it was not an overnight commercial success. Its fanbase built through the 60s and 70s, circulating in squats, communes, labs and studios, anywhere where the idea of global transformation seemed attractive. Fifty years later it is considered by many to be the greatest novel in the SF canon, and has sold in millions around the world.

Classé dans: 

juin

La sous-enchère salariale fait l’unanimité contre elle. Personne ne défend les conditions de travail abusives en vigueur sur certains chantiers, qui ne respectent pas les règles et les usages locaux.

Mais serions-nous plus tolérants si nous pouvions commander, via une application smartphone, des ouvriers étrangers demandant des salaires de misère sans cotisations sociales?

Classé dans: 

Les secteurs de l’hôtellerie et des taxis étant universellement détestés, le débat public s’est rapidement résumé à l’image d’audacieux précurseurs bousculant des rentiers poussifs et dépourvus d’imagination. Une présentation aussi biaisée masque un fait essentiel : ces courageux champions de l’« économie du partage » évoluent dans un univers mental caractéristique du XIXe siècle. Dans leur système, le travailleur, radicalement individualisé, ne bénéficie que d’une protection sociale symbolique ; il assume les risques qui pesaient auparavant sur les employeurs ; ses possibilités de négociation collective se réduisent à néant.

mai

Beau texte sur la représentation du handicap dans Mad Max: Fury Road.

I am turning 30 years old next week. I’ve been a fan of action film my entire life. And I have NEVER seen a physically disabled, kickass, female lead character in a Hollywood movie EVER – not once, until yesterday.

La réalité est hélas toute autre, car le seul but de ces comptes est d’engranger un maximum de followers, avant d’être revendus au plus offrant et de changer de nom. Un compte « clé en main » avec des centaines de milliers de followers légitimes, (des humains et non des bots) et un bon ratio follower/followé peut rapporter gros. Des tweets de spams peuvent également être glissés dans le contenu contre des dollars sonnants et trébuchants.

Nicholas Stern, an eminent climate economist at the London School of Economics, said: “This very important analysis shatters the myth that fossil fuels are cheap by showing just how huge their real costs are. There is no justification for these enormous subsidies for fossil fuels, which distort markets and damages economies, particularly in poorer countries.”

En démocratie, on ne condamne pas quelqu’un pour ses opinions, mais pour le passage à l’acte. La République française, à partir de 1881, part de la liberté individuelle et pas du contrôle étatique. Elle n’est pas robespierriste, il ne faudrait pas qu’elle le devienne. On oublie que la loi de 1905 sur la séparation des églises et de l’Etat garantit la liberté de pratique religieuse dans l’espace public. Elle impose la neutralité à l’Etat, pas à la société.

avril

If you scoff at the parallels I’m drawing, you need to question why. Because the disparity here is directly related to gender, and being a girl is used as an insult more often than it’s celebrated. Look at the advert that caused a stir at this year’s Super Bowl, Always’ #LikeAGirl campaign, in which adults asked to “run like a girl” and “throw like a girl” did some floppy and flailing parody of those actions—and then young girls, not yet taught to doubt themselves and their bodies, ran and threw with graceful strength and confidence.

mars

Que peut-être, quand on dit que le vrai truc important c’est l’égalité des salaires, et qu’il faut commencer par ça, peut-être que justement il faut commencer par l’autre bout des choses. Peut-être que le jour où on arrêtera d’apprendre à nos gosses qu’il y a des couleurs, des jeux, des métiers pour filles et des pour garçons, peut-être que quand on commencera à accepter les féminins de mots traditionnellement masculins, peut-être que quand on arrêtera de rire grassement à la blague d’un pote qui commente pas méchamment pour rire les cuisses d’une fille qui passe dans la rue, peut-être que quand on aura mené ces combats ô combien dérisoires, d’eux-mêmes, sans révolution, les gens se mettront à payer les femmes du même salaire que les hommes.

For residents of the United States — and indeed, the entire Northern Hemisphere — the impact of major ice loss from Antarctica could be dire. If Antarctica loses volumes of ice that would translate into major contributions to sea level rise, that rise would not be distributed evenly around the globe. The reason is the force of gravity. Antarctica is so massive that it pulls the ocean toward it, but if it loses ice, that gravitational pull will relax, and the ocean will slosh back toward the Northern Hemisphere — which will experience additional sea level rise.

The US intelligence community also likens finding a terrorist plot to looking for a needle in a haystack. And, as former NSA director General Keith Alexander said, “you need the haystack to find the needle.” That statement perfectly illustrates the problem with mass surveillance and bulk collection. When you’re looking for the needle, the last thing you want to do is pile lots more hay on it. More specifically, there is no scientific rationale for believing that adding irrelevant data about innocent people makes it easier to find a terrorist attack, and lots of evidence that it does not. You might be adding slightly more signal, but you’re also adding much more noise.

janvier

A kneejerk response to the Charlie Hebdo massacre would be familiar: crackdowns, monitoring and curbs on Muslim communities, including racial profiling; wild promises of “punishing” the attackers and taking decisive action to root out terrorists once and for all; ramping up military intervention in Iraq, Syria, Yemen or elsewhere to increase the heat on the terrorists at source, and teach them a lesson.

The problem is that these are tried, tested, and failed strategies that serve largely as useful recruiting sergeants for terrorist networks like IS and al-Qaeda. We are so obsessed with these strategies, despite their abject failure, that while getting rightly worked up at the horrifying atrocities against the West like that just committed in Paris, we are incapable of mustering a similar emotional response to the reports of dozens of civilian casualties due to US-led airstrikes.

Such so-called collateral damage, which includes the “mass destruction of civilian homes” by western bombs according to rebel eyewitnesses on the ground, is not even an accident, but a result of Obama’s deliberate loosening of "near certainty" standards previously adopted to minimise civilian deaths: and is already driving locals into the arms of IS.

We must not fall into the trap of the terrorists themselves – the inability to recognize the suffering of the Other, their wholesale demonization, the acceptance of their indiscriminate destruction as a necessary means to a "greater good." The only way forward is for people of all faith and none to stand together in rejecting the violence perpetrated in our name, whether by state or insurgent.

Al-Qaeda wants to mentally colonize French Muslims, but faces a wall of disinterest. But if it can get non-Muslim French to be beastly to ethnic Muslims on the grounds that they are Muslims, it can start creating a common political identity around grievance against discrimination.

Personne ne veut voir que la plus grosse fabrique à soldats d'Al Qaeda sur notre territoire, c'est la PRISON. Personne n'a compris que la France n'a pas basculé en 2015, mais il y a dix ans déjà, lors des émeutes. Personne ne veut voir que nous vivons encore les conséquences lointaines de l'immense humiliation coloniale et post-coloniale, et que vos leçons de "civilisation" et de "liberté d'expression" sont de ce fait inaudibles pour certains de ceux qui l'ont subie et la subissent ENCORE.

This is a dangerous moment. Anti-Muslim prejudice is rampant in Europe. The favoured target of Europe’s far-right – like France’s Front National, which currently leads in the opinion polls – is Muslims. France is home to around 5 million Muslims, who disproportionately live in poverty and unemployment, often in ghettoised banlieues. This incident should rightfully horrify, but it will now undoubtedly fuel an already ascendant far-right.

The consequences? More anti-Muslim hatred, more disillusionment among already marginalised young Muslims, more potential recruits for extremist groups.

There is a choice, of course. Norway’s enlightened response could be a model elsewhere in Europe too. It would be the last thing the attackers would want us to do. That, in itself, should give us all pause to think.

Here's a theory. Terrorists aren't offended by cartoons. Not even cartoons that satirise the Prophet Muhammad. They don't care about satire. For all I know they may not even care about the Prophet Muhammad.

Instead, they merely pretend to be offended by cartoons, in order to give themselves a pretext to commit murder. Murder so horrifying, on a pretext so unWestern, that non-Muslims – blinded by grief and rage – turn on Muslims. Blame them. Persecute them. Burn their book, attack their mosques, threaten them in the street, demand their expulsion from Western societies. Actions that, in turn, scare Western Muslims, isolate them, alienate them. And thus drive some of them to support – and even become – terrorists.

Result: terrorists swell their ranks for a civil war they long to provoke non-Muslims into starting.

Ils espèrent aussi que la colère et l’indignation qui emportent la nation trouvera chez certains son expression dans un rejet et une hostilité à l’égard de tous les musulmans de France. Ainsi se creuserait le fossé qu’ils rêvent d’ouvrir entre les musulmans et les autres citoyens.

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